Columns are vertical structural components that carry load from slabs and beams to foundations.
Axial compression forces are primarily applied to columns. So it is the structure's compression members.
The Column refers to a vertical compression member with an effective length (height) greater than three times its least lateral dimension.
Strut is used when the compression component is horizontal or inclined. Struts are common in concrete trusses.
A pedestal or stub column is a short compression element having a height less than three times its shortest lateral dimension. Pedestals are used to transfer a load of columns to a footing, pile cap, or mat foundation.
Classification of Columns based on Cross Section
- Column, Square
- Column, Rectangular
- circular Column
- Column Hexagonal
- Columns in the shape of a T, L, or Plus
Classification of Columns based on Types of Loading
- Axially Loaded Columns
- Columns with uniaxial eccentricity
- Columns with biaxial eccentricity
Classification of Columns Based on Types of Reinforcement
- Tied Columns
- Spiral Columns
- Composite Columns
Classification of Columns Based On Loading
Axially Loaded Column
An axially laden column is one in which the compressive vertical loads act along the Column's centroidal axis. This type of Column with no bending is uncommon in practice.
Eccentrically Loaded Column: Uniaxial
An eccentrically loaded column is one in which the loads act at a distance 'e' from the centroid of the column cross-section. This distance 'e' in a uniaxial eccentrically laden column could be along the x-axis or the y-axis. These eccentric loads generate moments along the x- and y-axes.
Eccentrically Loaded Column: Biaxial
Loads are applied at any cross-section point but not in axes in this column form. Loads generate moments on both the x- and y-axes simultaneously.
Classification of Columns Based On Column Ties
Tied Column
The longitudinal bars in the tied Column are linked together by smaller bars. These smaller bars are evenly placed across the Column. Steel ties in the Column keep the central longitudinal bars in place. Tied columns account for more than 95 percent of all columns in non-seismic buildings.
Spiral Column
The significant longitudinal reinforcement is held in place by spirals in spiral columns. Spiral is a type of spring reinforcement. The primary bars are arranged in a circle, and the ties have been replaced by spirals. Spiral columns are used when great strength and/or ductility are required. Because the spiral resists the lateral expansion of the column bars when subjected to strong axial loads. The primary bars are arranged in a circle, and the ties have been replaced by spirals. In earthquake zones, spiral columns are more commonly used.
Classification of Columns Based On Slenderness
Short Compression Block or Pedestals
A pedestal is a compression member having a height less than three times its least lateral dimension. Pedestals need not be reinforced and may be designed with plain concrete.
Short Reinforced Column
In the short reinforced Column, the slenderness ratio (the ratio of effective length to the smallest lateral dimension) is less than 12. Short columns fail to owe to steel bar crushing or yielding. The loads a short column can support are determined by its cross-sectional dimension and material strength. Short columns demonstrate some versatility.
Long Reinforced Column
In lengthy columns, the slenderness ratio exceeds 12. The thin Column is another name for this style of Column. Bending deformation increases as slenderness increases. Long columns break owing to buckling, reducing load-bearing capability.
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Classification of Column Based On Shape Of Cross Section
Geo-matric Shaped
Column sections might be rectangular, round, square, octagonal, or hexagonal, depending on the application. Tied columns are often square or rectangular, whereas spiral columns are circular. Circular columns are employed when a higher elevation is required, such as in piles and bridge pillars. Circular columns create a smooth, aesthetically pleasing finish. Rectangular columns, on the other hand, are found in both private and public structures. They are simple and inexpensive to cast.
L-Shaped
This is an unpopular form of a column. In a framed building, the L-shaped Column can be utilized as a corner column. This column design can be an excellent replacement for axial compression and biaxial bending of corners.
V-Shaped
This style of the Column can be employed in a trapezoidal structure. In comparison, V-shaped columns require more materials.
T-Shaped
Depending on the design requirements, T-shaped columns may be utilized in bridge pillars.
The Classification of Columns Based on Construction Materials
Reinforced Concrete Column
Reinforced concrete columns are the most common type of Column used in framed structures. This sort of Column is made of concrete in the form of a matrix. The steel framework is set in concrete. Concrete bears the compressive load, while reinforcing bears the tensile load. Steel, polymers, or alternative composite materials can be used as reinforcing materials. Thermal compatibility, high resistance to tensile stress, good connection to concrete, anti-corrosive qualities, and so on are required for a robust, ductile, and durable construction.
Composite Column
Composite columns are made from a variety of structural steel and concrete combinations. Because of the interactive and integral behavior of the concrete and structural steel sections, the composite Column is an extremely stiff, ductile, cost-effective, and structurally efficient member of building and bridge construction. This sort of Column is also resistant to fire and corrosion.
Steel, wood, and brick Column
Steel columns are entirely comprised of steel. These columns are found in aircraft production facilities, indoor shipyards, and other locations.
Timber columns are constructed from wood timber. They have an attractive appeal that creates a sense of space and openness. Timber columns are intended for usage by home builders, reception rooms, and properties undergoing renovation.